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• 16:34, 19 April 2026 Net@portlandoregon.gov talk contribs uploaded File:2017.10. .Emergent groups and spontaneous volunteers in urban disaster response.pdf (Spontaneous responses by self-organizing, “emergent” voluntary groups and individuals are a common feature of urban disasters. Their activities include search and rescue, transporting and distributing relief supplies, and providing food and drink to victims and emergency workers. However, informal actors are rarely incorporated into formal disaster and humanitarian planning. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the nature and scale of emergent activity around the world...)